Liang, Jiaming, Haowei Liu, and Chi-Man Pun. “OTI: A Model-Free and Visually Interpretable Measure of Image Attackability”. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 40, no. 9 (March 14, 2026): 6826–6834. Accessed May 19, 2026. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/37615.