TY - JOUR AU - Ashurst, Carolyn AU - Carey, Ryan AU - Chiappa, Silvia AU - Everitt, Tom PY - 2022/06/28 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Why Fair Labels Can Yield Unfair Predictions: Graphical Conditions for Introduced Unfairness JF - Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence JA - AAAI VL - 36 IS - 9 SE - AAAI Technical Track on Philosophy and Ethics of AI DO - 10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21182 UR - https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/21182 SP - 9494-9503 AB - In addition to reproducing discriminatory relationships in the training data, machine learning (ML) systems can also introduce or amplify discriminatory effects. We refer to this as introduced unfairness, and investigate the conditions under which it may arise. To this end, we propose introduced total variation as a measure of introduced unfairness, and establish graphical conditions under which it may be incentivised to occur. These criteria imply that adding the sensitive attribute as a feature removes the incentive for introduced variation under well-behaved loss functions. Additionally, taking a causal perspective, introduced path-specific effects shed light on the issue of when specific paths should be considered fair. ER -