On Modality Weighting and Specificity for Multi-Modal Entity Alignment

Abstract

Multi-modal entity alignment aims to identify equivalent entities across different multi-modal knowledge graphs (MMKGs). While prior work has achieved notable progress through improved multi-modal encoding and cross-modal fusion techniques, two critical challenges remain unresolved. First, due to the heterogeneous and often inconsistent sources from which MMKGs are constructed, the quality and informativeness of modalities vary significantly across entities, leading to the modality weighting problem. Second, existing cross-modal fusion mechanisms predominantly emphasize modality-shared information, often at the expense of modality-specific signals that are also essential for precise alignment. To address these issues, we propose HUMEA, a novel framework that integrates hierarchical Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) with unimodal distillation. HUMEA consists of: (1) A hierarchical MoE module comprising intra-modal and inter-modal experts, which adaptively modulates modality contributions by capturing entity representations at fine-to-coarse semantic granularities. In addition, we introduce a contrastive mutual information loss to enhance expert diversity and reduce redundancy. (2) A unimodal distillation strategy that preserves modality-specific information in the fused representations through single-modality alignment and distillation, achieving a balanced integration of shared and unique modality features. Extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets, FB15K-DB15K and FB15K-YAGO15K, demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, validating the effectiveness of our approach.