DarkFarseer: Robust Spatio-Temporal Kriging Under Graph Sparsity and Noise

Abstract

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has created a growing demand for large-scale sensor deployment. However, the high cost of physical sensors limits the scalability and coverage of sensor networks, making fine-grained sensing difficult. Inductive Spatio-Temporal Kriging (ISK) addresses this challenge by introducing virtual sensors that infer measurements from physical sensors, typically using graph neural networks (GNNs) to model their relationships. Despite its promise, current ISK methods often rely on standard message-passing and generic architectures that fail to effectively capture spatio-temporal features or represent virtual nodes accurately. Additionally, existing graph construction techniques suffer from sparse and noisy connections, further hindering performance. To address these limitations, we propose DarkFarseer, a novel ISK framework with three key innovations. First, the Style-enhanced Temporal-Spatial architecture adopts a temporal-then-spatial processing scheme with a temporal style transfer mechanism to enhance virtual node representations. Second, Regional-semantic Contrastive Learning improves representation learning by aligning virtual nodes with regional component patterns. Third, the Similarity-Based Graph Denoising Strategy mitigates the influence of noisy edges by leveraging temporal similarity and regional structure. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that DarkFarseer significantly outperforms state-of-the-art ISK methods.